From their perspective: Children dealing with divorce Essay -- Social

The choice between a couple to end their marriage because of hopeless contrasts has become an issue of pestilence extents on the planet today. Separation is influencing individuals of any age from the most seasoned to the most youthful, destroying families. While the couple getting the separation are stopping what a considerable lot of them once thought would be the best thing that could ever transpired, it is their kids who harvest the most serious results. Kids who were once taken care of by the two guardians must change in accordance with living with one parent or moving to and fro between the two alongside various different modifications. The impacts of separation are not constrained to down to earth modifications alone, yet research likewise demonstrates that youngsters who experience the separation of their folks experience physical and mental difficulties also. As indicated by ongoing exploration if current separation rates stay consistent, one out of four youngsters will expe rience the separation of their folks before they are sixteen (Doweling and Gorell-Barnes, 1999). Another measurement shows that somewhere in the range of 1972 and 1997 in excess of a million small kids were associated with separate from every year (Zinsmeister, 1997). It is basic in our general public that is encountering divorce so wildly that we comprehend through examination and perception the impacts separate has on youngsters. The impacts of separation on youngsters has been an issue of incredible debate among experts and guardians the same. Examination is uncertain in numerous territories yet enough proof has been accumulated to infer that separation does in fact affect kids. The impacts of separation, how much a kid is affected and to what extent the effect of separation keeps going, pivots to a great extent on the age of the youngster when they ex... ...cap a youngster may understanding after a family separation (Jost and Robinson, 1991). In spite of the fact that the exploration introduced here has concentrated on the negative impacts separate has on youngsters there are occasions where kids scarcely experience any evil impacts from separate. This is typically the situation when the child’s guardians are in damaging connections or they can proceed with sound associations with both their folks. Unfortunately this is the exemption and not the standard for youngsters managing divorce. In spite of the way that there are a few unique suppositions concerning the impacts separate has on youngsters most of specialists concur that having hitched guardians offers numerous advantages to kids. These incorporate yet are not constrained to, a better quality of living, presentation to powerful child rearing, less pressure generally speaking and are bound to prevail in school (McGuiness, 2006).

Antigone :: essays research papers

Antigone Antigone and Ismene are sisters.â They have two siblings who just executed each other and both died.â Creon, whos extremely incredible, respected one and shamed the other.â The shamed sibling being left outside, unburied, and restricted anybody to cry or thoughtful on the dead body.â Antigone who originated from an unwavering family couldn't remain to see her sibling kicked the bucket unburied, so she asked her sister to go with her to take and buryâ the sibling body. Reluctantly, Ismene dismayed of the law and didn't concur with her sister.â So Antigone take and cover the body by herself.â When Creon know this, he was disturbed and request the armed force to get the one took the body.â They get Antigone and take her to Creon.â Antigone has not affraid of the execution which Creon would give.â Ismene, her sister came and said that she had an offer in this issue. In any case, Antigon cases to her own motivation.â Haemon is the main child of Creon.â He has not concur with what his dad commands.â They contend about who is on the right track to give commands.â Since Haemon had begun to look all starry eyed at Antigone so he ran a way when his dad provided request to execute Antigone.â But at that point, Creon requests to take Anigone to a bolted tomb.â A visually impaired prophet named Teiresias go with a kid visit Creon and told him what he did was wrong.â At first Creon didn't concur, however then after Teiresias gone.â He understood what he did wasn't right so he called his workers to discharge Antigone.â But it was past the point of no return, a courier accompanied the terrible news that Creons child had murdered himself.â The story didn't stop there, another awful news came to Creon that the sovereign is dead.â When Creons spouse heard the updates on her own child murdered himself, she put brutality upon herself and died.â Now Creon opens his eyes and see who is on the right track to pass judgment. He had get familiar with an exercise of intelligence in a hard way. The Antigone has numerous contentions and it is difficult to fingure out which one is the primary one.â In the beginningâ is the contention among Antigone and her sister. And afterward the contention among Creon and Sentry.â When Antigone was get, she contend with Creon.â After that Creon contend with his just son.â After Antigone gone, the phopphet came and contend with Creon. As I would like to think, the principle contention was about who has the option to pass judgment people.â Creon said he is the most noteworthy and he has the option to mention to individuals what

Financial Statement of DIPL-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Explain how your outcomes impact your Planning choices for the review for the year finishing 30 June 2015. 2.Explain why it is a hazard and how it might influence the danger of material error in the money related Report. 3.Based on the foundation data for DIPL contained for the situation, distinguish and clarify two key misrepresentation hazard factors identifying with errors emerging fromfraudulent money related answering to which DIPL might be powerless. Answers: 1.ASA 520 Analytical Procedures manages the necessities with respect to organization administrative arrangements. Further, it gives a clarification with respect to the utilization of systematic methodology as the meaningful strategy. It gives help to the evaluator to perform duty identifying with performing investigative methods toward the finish of review and framing a general end on budget reports (Krahel and Titera, 2015). Methods which are required to be taken as an evaluator for planning and performing meaningful technique have been determined in this norm. It has been determined in this standard that vacillations and relationship which isn't in consistence with other information or varies from guage figures by a huge sum ought to be explored in detail. If there should arise an occurrence of DIPL following advances will be taken for achieving logical technique and going along ASA 520 Evaluating records and creating desire on singular premise The fundamental records where probability of hazard is more if there should be an occurrence of DIPL Ltd is Purchase and Inventory, Cash, Receivables, Foreign trade misfortune Bad obligations. It is important to survey that the new strategy for recording stock which has been received by organization speak to books of records in increasingly suitable structure or not. Further, if there should arise an occurrence of terrible obligations, it is important to find out whether they are genuine or not. For evaluating the equivalent, it ought to be watched that has been guaranteed as terrible obligation has been really decreased from the record or not. Surveying the distinction between anticipated figures and genuine figures Proportion and Analysis are the most proper methodology for learning that whether any critical contrast between expected or planned and genuine figures exists or not. Productivity Ratio Productivity Ratios Year I Year II Year III Turnover 34212000 37699500 43459500 Net Profit proportion 17.55% 16.12% 15.19% Net Profit proportion 6.89% 6.07% 6.83% From above figures, it very well may be evaluated that deals of DIPL Ltd have an expanding pattern. Anyway gross benefit of the organization has diminishing pattern. Along these lines it is required to be evaluated in detail to learn the purpose behind the distinction. If there should be an occurrence of benefit proportions, no noteworthy variance can be watched. It may be conceivable that deals have expanded, yet the items on which higher benefit can be earned have not expanded essentially (Knechel and Salterio, 2016).In a similar way, liquidity and hazard proportions ought to be evaluated, and results ought to be contrasted in suitable way with survey the noteworthy distinction. Framing end based on noteworthy evaluated contrast In the current instance of DIPL, as a distinction exists in the event of gross benefit proportion; consequently the equivalent ought to be alluded to the administration and examined in detail. The evaluator ought not legitimately depend on the clarification gave by the administration yet should put forth an attempt to discover different verifications as the base of clarification. Pattern Analysis It is a piece of investigative techniques which is alluded as specialized examination of anticipating the future development of figures dependent on past information. A suitable thought can be achieved that whether the figures are as per anticipated figures or not. In the current instance of DIPL Ltd, pattern investigation of following significant records have been directed so as to achieve proper proof for the development of supposition on money related records. Specific Year I Year II Year III Records Receivable 2482500 4320000 5073309 Increment in contrast with earlier year 1.74 1.17 Deals 34212000 37699500 43459500 Increment in contrast with earlier year 1.10 1.15 Terrible Debts 150000 195000 210000 Increment in contrast with earlier year 1.3 1.08 From above examination, it tends to be evaluated that there is a significant increment in records of sales in year II. Be that as it may, a similar increment has not been surveyed in year III. It implies that higher credit deals have been made in year II; this record should be evaluated that whether similar approaches have been trailed by the organization on proceeding with premise. Turnover has expanded, however net benefit has not expanded, rather it has diminished in contrast with earlier years, in this manner the equivalent required to be surveyed in detail for determining the explanation for it. Compensations 1965000 2190000 2445000 Increment in contrast with earlier year 1.11 1.12 An ostensible augmentation has been surveyed which is as a rule because of swelling. Accordingly it tends to be said that it veritable increment. Inventories 2256188 2671362 4180500 Increment in contrast with earlier year 1.18 1.56 In year three a significant increment can be evaluated, the explanation for the equivalent is an adjustment in strategy identifying with stock valuation. A detail valuation, just as other proof, are required to find out whether the change is proper or not. 2.Inherent hazard can be indicated as a hazard because of a blunder or exclusion in the budget summary, and the explanation for the equivalent is other than the disappointment of control. Typically, characteristic hazard happens when exchanges are mind boggling, and they require a high level of judgment so as to finish up a suitable end (Cannon and Bedard, 2016). As per arrangement gave in ASA 200; a reviewer is required to survey the idea of business while looking at control hazard and inalienable hazard. The outcomes which are commonly found are in the event that inborn, and control chance is high, endeavors are made to keep identification hazard lower; so as to keep the general review chance low. Preparing of information in new IT system:It has been surveyed based on given realities that the new framework takes a shot at the completely automated way and the entire bookkeeping process is incorporated into it. Despite the fact that the administration isn't happy with the framework, it has been acknowledged and actualized without evaluating in detail (Arens et al. 2016). The hazard existing in present situation is an intrinsic hazard. The reports, computation and another explanation which have been set up with the upgraded IT framework required to be checked physically for finding out the current mistakes. Further, for evaluating whether the sum total of what exchange has been considered by the new framework before planning fiscal summary; sham passages can be entered, and its impact on budget summary can be surveyed. digital book Revenue:DIPL Ltd, get continue on digital book deal and pay a predefined commission to the distributer. As the entire exchanges are done on the web, there is no review trail present in this exchange through which satisfactory review evidence can be found out that whether all the exchanges have been recorded or not (Vona, 2011). Further, regardless of whether the commission which has been paid is processed in a suitable way or not additionally should be surveyed in detail. It additionally includes complex exchange as the capacity expenses have been perceived in the month to month charges are invoiced and the way that it has been charged ahead of time for a year isn't thought of while recording the exchange (MironiucRobuRobu, 2012). As salary is a significant variation of fiscal report and before giving a supposition with respect to it inspector must make certain for this record. The techniques and methodology which are embraced by the organization for recording these exch anges are to be checked in detail to comprehend its tendency. The examiner will make detail check in this record and give feeling based on satisfactory review proof which has been acquired during review strategy. 3.ASA 240 states that it is examiner duty with respect to the misrepresentation in a review of money related report, evaluating the issues identifying with extortion variables of hazard in a business, extortion can be expressed as abroad discernment for the rule of Standard of Australias Accounting Standard, as evaluator is upset seeing the misrepresentation factor as it will prompt misquotes in the budgetary reports purposefully or inadvertently (Kaptein, 2012). In ASA 240 it has been referenced that the variables of misrepresentation allude to a circumstance that pushes extortion duty or offers the chance to submit a fake. Some key extortion components of hazard are identified as underneath with their effect on the examining conduct: Power on the association to actualize new data innovation frameworks: At present, DIPL the board has been constrained so as to execute new data innovation frameworks. The IT supervisor has griped against this issue ordinarily, with respect to the introducing of the framework. Along these lines the entire administration having a few issues, as it prompts a chance to extortion and gets advantage. The comparable will affect the technique of inspecting being applied by the inspector so as to assess the proficiency of the framework, CAAT devices can be applied by the examiner for thinking about the framework straightforwardness (Barton, 2008). In this manner, deciding all exchanges is contained during the arrangement of companys fiscal summary: model exchanges can likewise be gone into the framework, and the impact of that can be the evaluated on the money related framework. Conversation with distributers can be made, or an announcement can be mentioned so as to check the installments.

Standardized Testing and its Effect on Education - Free Essay Example

Standardized tests are seen in many schools across america, and are given to students multiple times each year. In fact, The average number of standardized tests administered per school system per year is five (Sproull, Zubrow 628). All of these tests are used as a way for schools to evaluate students learning and comprehension abilities throughout each year. Standardized tests can also play into the decision of whether or not a student is set to move up to the next grade level. These tests are a good way to measure a student at certain points throughout each year, however, they may not be the best way to evaluate a student overall. While many schools put standardized tests into practice, they are not an accurate way to measure a students overall knowledge because they are unfair and harmful to students as well as teachers. Standardized testing was first seen around the time of World War I. These tests were so successful in classifying and assigning military personnel that during the 1920s they were introduced into our school systems (Daniels 12). Many years later, in 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was introduced as a way to ensure that no child was left behind in education. This act played a pretty substantial role in standardized testing. NCLB required both annual student testing and school-level reporting that indicated whether schools were succeeding or failing to make adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward proficiency goals ( Dee 253). With this act still in place today, the testing it requires has not only made huge impacts on schools, but on students and teachers as well. Standardized Testing, being that it is so widespread, affects students across the United States in so many different ways. There has been a lot of arguments over the years about whether or not standardized testing is effective in schools. Many supporters of standardized testing argue that the tests are good for students and and have positive effects on them, but some would argue otherwise. Supporters of standardized testing may argue that the tests provide important information for the students. For example, if a student does bad on a section in the test, they know to study more for that specific topic. Another argument that supporters might make is that the tests help to push students to try harder and pay more attention in their classrooms. Although these tests may seem to be a good thing for students, research seems to show otherwise. Standardized tests are surprisingly harmful and even unfair to students in schools today. Research has shown that Students of color, students with disabilities, English-language learners, and low-income students are failing state graduation tests at rates as high as 60% to 90%, leaving them to face bleak futures (Sadker, Zittleman 742-743). This data makes it evident that certain students are at a disadvantage. By measuring all students against the same yardsticks of literacy and numeracy, individual creativity and differences are lost or denigrated (Sadker, Zittleman 744). All students are being given the same expectations on tests and it is clearly unfair to do so in certain cases, such as if a student has a learning disability and has trouble comprehending questions on tests. These situations have many negative effects on students. Frustration , discouragement from trying, increased competition, and a general devaluation of grades and school assessments are the primary negativ e student effects (Mertler 5). All of these effects can make huge impacts on a students education and possibly even their future. Many schools see importance in the motivation of students to do well on assessments by offering rewards or praise to the those who do well. Although rewarding students might seem like an easy fix to help motivate kids, it was stated by George Madaus and Clarke Marguerite that In practice, however, some students immediately dismiss the examination because they perceive the award to be unobtainable (Madaus, Clark 11). One of the reasons that this happens is because Young children adopt an optimistic view of their own abilities and count their own efforts, teacher praise, and tangible rewards as evidence of their learning and progress ( Paris 14). Therefore, if students arent getting praised or rewards from teachers, they might take that as not being smart or making progress. Once a student gets into that mindset, they arent going to try as hard next time because they feel like they arent smart enough to reach the reward. With this in mind, it seems that the rewards or praise given t o students with higher scores, might have some negative and harmful effects on students who dont do as well. Another factor that plays into the harm and unfairness of standardized testing is that many schools scattered throughout the United States are located in regions that dont have a very high-income rate. This means that the schools may not have adequate money to provide the proper materials for its students which in return can affect their learning and test scores. The journal article Poor Teaching for Poor Kids stated that high stakes testing systems may provide more money to those already successful (for example, in the form of bonuses for good scores) and less to those whose need is greatest (Kohn 253). This being said, because of the lack of money in certain schools, students arent doing as well on their testing because they cant afford the needed books and supplies like some others might. It was not only found that these tests affect regions with a low-income, but that The most conspicuous victims of high-stakes testing are low-income minority children (Kohn 251). Those students who are low-income minority children are the ones being affected the most and it is very unfair. Researchers have identified several characteristics of standardized tests that could negatively bias the scores of minority students and of students from low-income families (Neill, Medina 691). These low-income minority students are being subjected to tests that contain questions that only whites and families with a higher income would be likely to know the answers to. Researchers have also discovered that the elaborated , stylized English commonly used in standardized tests prevents such tests from accurately measuring the achievement, ability, or skills of students who speak nonstandard (e.g., African-American, Hispanic, southern, Appalachian, working-class) dialects (Neill, Medina 692). This research shows that these standardized tests arent doing as much good for the students as some may think. They are very clearly unfair to low-income minority students, and in the end they are only causing more harm to those students than good. Not only does standardized testing impact students, but it also has an impact on the educators in schools. Research has found that there are both positive and negative impacts on those educators. In an article written by Craig Mertler, it was stated that Positive effects on teachers include improvements in the diagnosis of individual student needs and the identification of strengths and weaknesses in the curriculum, as well as increased motivation to work harder and smarter, to align instruction with standards, and to identify content not mastered by students, thus allowing for redirected instruction ( Mertler 5-6). With this being said, standardized testing can have positive impacts on teachers, however there are many negatives that come along with it as well. Standardized testing impacts teachers in a more negative way than most might think. On the whole we know that high-stakes testing is controlling both what and how subjects are taught (Au, Gourd 17). Testing in schools seem to be making matters worse for teachers and students throughout the country. According to Wayne Au and Karen Gourd, writers from The English Journal, They are rooted in racism and classism, and as a 2011 National Research Council report tells us, a focus on high-stakes testing for nearly a decade has not closed achievement gaps, and in cases like the use of high school exit exams required for graduation, they have made it worse (Au, Gourd 18). Therefore, having classrooms focus on testing isnt benefiting us as much as we may have thought. Although Supporters of standardized testing believe if teachers cover just the subject matter required by the standards and teach it well, their students will master the material on which they will be tested- no special test preparation will be needed (Asaff 158), many teachers have found that teaching based off of the subjects on the test isnt the most effective thing for themselves or their students. Not surprisingly, in a national study, nearly seven out of ten teachers reported feeling test stress, and two out of three believed that preparing for the test takes time from teaching important, non-tested, topics ( Sadker, Zittleman 743). This data shows that teachers are feeling stressed because of pressure to have their students excel on tests. In return, students are only being taught based on test subjects and are missing out on other information that might be of importance to them later in life. While some teaching in schools should prepare students for testing, there needs t o be more time set aside for teachers to teach on topics that might not be based off of the tests.

Sandra Witelson s Influence On Male And Female Brains (...

Sandra Witelson is currently a professor at McMaster University which is located in Hamilton, Ontario. Witelson is a professor for the department of Psychiatry Behavioral Neurosciences. Witelson had a love for science at a young age as her father was an intelligent man and encouraged Witelson’s interest in the human body. When first attending McGill University, Witelson had planned to major in mathematics, but changed her mind when she realized that psychology was a better fitting choice (Science.ca). Witelson has an outstanding background of education as she has received her B.Sc, M.Sc, and PhD from McGill University. Witelson’s research interests focus primarily around the brain and its functions based on whether it is a male or female brain. The main focus of Witelson’s research is around biological basis for cognition in male and female brains. Sandra Witelson’s research allows for a further understanding of different cognitive functions within the ma le and female brains (McMaster University). Early on in Witelson’s career, she began her work within her brain bank. The brain bank began after Witelson had won a contract from the National Institutes of Health in 1977. Witelson began her brain bank in hopes of understanding why the capacity and ability to speak and understand language is localized within the left hemisphere of the brain for 90 to 95 percent of people. In order for a brain bank to be successful, brains were needed to study. Witelson tried to find donorsShow MoreRelatedGay Men Born Gay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of 41 brains taken from people who died before age 60, Simon LeVay, a biologist at San Diego s Salk Institute for Biological Studies, found that one tiny region in the brain of homosexual men was more like that in women than that in heterosexual men. Sexuality is an important part of who we are, notes LeVay, who is gay. And now we have a specific part of the brain to look at and to study. That specific part is found at the front of the hypothalamus in an area of the brain that is known

The Transition from the Colonial Era to the Revolutionary War

An estimated seventeen million men, women, and children were enslaved and transported from Africa to the West Indies by Europeans between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Before these individuals became slaves, there were indentured servants. Between the colonial era and Revolutionary War many changes in the practice of labor were made. Expansion of slavery throughout America brought about different conditions of slave life and Paternalism. Slavery in America was very different before and after the year 1790; these changes greatly affected the conditions in which these individuals lived and are worth analyzing. The transition from colonial era to Revolutionary era brought many variations that greatly affected indentured servants that would later be slaves. In the colonial era, indentured servants were individuals who signed a contract that tied them to a land under the authority of a master. They usually worked in plantations to cultivate crops especially tobacco. They were bound to the land from four to seven years to pay off their transportation to America. Once they worked off their time, they were assured land and freedom. At this time, indentured slaves were both black and white people. The profit from tobacco was growing therefore the demand for labor increased. For planters, the issue of indentured servants escaping was becoming common. African people were easier to identify and catch if they escaped because of the color of their skin and lack of resources.Show MoreRelatedThe Founding Fathers The Politicians Who Led Colonial Assemblies And Congresses1522 Words   |  7 PagesFathers -the politicians who led colonial assemblies and congresses-did not distinguish themselves with self-discipline. [During the boycott of English goods to protest colonial restriction], Thomas Jefferson imported British glass windows for his mansion at Monticello.†(Taylor 53) This is one example of the contradicting era of cultural development in 18th century America: the continuation of closeness to England, and the steady distancing of the American colonists from the British. For the majorityRead MoreAge of Revolutions Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduction of post-colonial attitudes with the need of self-governess away from empires overseas. This was achieved through the democracy and constitutions which still are the most important legacy existing in the modern world. It this outcome that societies were able to create influential pieces of works and change how societies operated on a daily bases with the United States composing the Declaration of Independence in 1776 e stablishing the cornerstone of this period of paradoxically an era of stabilityRead MoreDifferences Between Singapore And Malaysia1253 Words   |  6 PagesSingapore and Malaysia were both similarly colonized by the British. However, their development after independence differed in many ways. In this paper, I will examine, with help from resources provided in the course and minimal research, how their colonial experiences affected their political and social development after independence. After which, investigating the depth of influence their colonizers had, and why, differing racial ideologies had the greatest impact on their development. MalaysiaRead MoreThe Education Of Higher Education Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe foundation of higher education in the United States has a tumultuous past, however, is also an example of how enough desire for progress and pressure from external sources fosters change. From our readings in A History of American Higher Education by John R. Thelin we have discussed the progress and design of American Higher Education from the early 1600’s on. In our second text, American Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century: Social, Political, and Economic challenges, Michael N. BastedoRead MoreTechnological Advances And Its Impact On The United States1900 Words   |  8 Pages From the time when the first English colonies were established in North America until now, there has been some form of armed fighting force in place to protect the interests of the United States and its colonial progenitors. During the roughly four centuries in which this fighting force has existed, it has undergone numerous changes of varying degrees of significance. Technological advances have changed the nature of both defensive and offensive warfare, political advances have changed the natureRead MoreBureaucracy in the Philippines - Book Review1611 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Onofre D. Corpuz ------------------------------------------------- Institute of Public Administration: University of the Philippines, 1957. 268 pp. This book is about the administrative history of the bureaucracy in the Philippines. It spans from the 1560’s when Spain undertook to administer the affairs of the natives of the archipelago to the 1950’s when the Filipinos assumed the responsibility of self-government. The author presented the significant phases in the evolution of our administrativeRead MoreSub-Saharan Africa Essay2751 Words   |  12 Pagesare usually associated with widespread crime, conflict, or devastating humanitarian crises. Africas problems are myriad and intricate; the rulers in Sub-Saharan Africa have struggled to develop autonomous and cohesive states during the postcolonial era giving rise to the fact that almost half of the world’s failing states are located here. The reasons for this wide spread failure below the Sahara include the following: intervention of Europeans through colonialism and slavery, poverty and low rankingsRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction Essay2119 Wor ds   |  9 PagesThe civil war, reconstruction, and Redemption era does serve as a unique moment in American history because it shaped what kind of nation US would become. All wars are the result of social change, talks of revolution, institution of slavery and connection to power and liberation. There are many reasons that attribute to the institution of slavery becoming a big determinant in the Civil War and in American History. A consistent reason is that the states have always been dependent upon themselves andRead MoreEssay on The Three Different French Empires1436 Words   |  6 Pageswith the period of the rule of the ancià ©n regime, known as the Kingdom of France, lasting from 1594 to 1789. Subsequently, one can distinct the empire as created by Napoleon I as a second empire which lasted from 1804 to 1814 (and a brief restoration in 1805), which was the first to be actually named an empire, and finally the second French empire, founded by Napoleons nephew Napoleon III w hich lasted from if 1851 to 1948. This paper draws a comparison between the French empire during the time ofRead MoreJames Oliver Horton And Lois E. Horton Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pageswere occurring before the Civil War era. The Hortons not only demonstrate the importance of black’s presence throughout the text but some of the contribution and the roles that led to such a vibrant culture in America. It s through the analysis of these wonderful sources and experience of free black Northerners, that reader and historians can have a better interpretation and revision of the building of this early nation. The Hortons utilizes several pieces of work from African Americans history throughout

Contract Law Text - Cases - and Services

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law for Text, Cases, and Services. Answer: Introduction: An acceptance has to be completely in accordance to the terms made by the offer. If an acceptance contains additions terms it is not regarded as acceptance at all and instead is considered as a counter offer (McKendrick, 2014). The concept was initially brought up in the case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] where the court differentiated between an acceptance and a counter offer. The concept was used in Australia in the landmark case of Bressan v Squires [1974] 2 NSWLR 460 where the court held that acceptance has to be absolute. An offer is terminated as soon as it has been rejected and a counter offer accounts to a rejection of the offer. The concept was also provided by the case of Hyde v Wrench [1840]. According to the postal rule of acceptance an offer is accepted as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted by the offeree and not when the letter reaches the offeror (Hunter, 2015). The postal rule was provided by the landmark case of Adams v Lindsell(1818) 1 B Ald 681. The court in this case ruled that according to the general rule of acceptance it has to be brought to the offerers knowledge but in case the acceptance is made by post the offer is said to be accepted as soon as the letter is posted. It was provided in the case of Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 and the case of Dickinson v Dodds(1876) 2 Ch D 46 that an offer can only be revoked before the acceptance has been made. In case the offer has been accepted it cannot be revoked by the offeror. A consideration does not have to be fair in order to constitute a contract but it must be adequate in relation to contract formation. A past consideration is not regarded as a valid consideration. A past consideration can only be regarded as a valid consideration if the promisor himself promised to pay the promisee in relation to the contract as provided in the case of Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] 3 WLR 435. In order to form a contract the is must be proved that the parties to the contact had the intention of legally binding each other to the terms of the contract (Poole, 2016). however if a party has signed the contract without reading its terms and there have been no misrepresentation by the other party to the contract than the contract is legally binding on the party as provided in the case of LEstrange V Graucob 1934. In the first case the offer made by Mike in relation to the purchase of laptop was $300 including GST. However Bob did not accept the offer made by Mike as the price he demanded by him was $300 excluding GST which was not equal to that of the offer. The statement made by Bob accounted to a counter offer and the original offer was rejected as soon as the counter offer was made. Thus as the original offer made by Mike did not further exist Bob cannot accept it and therefore there is no contract between them as provided in the case of Hyde v Wrench. In the second case the Bob had offered to purchase 200 Pentium 5 hard drives from Tom at a price of $50 each. Tom had sent his acceptance through post that he will comply by the offer made by Bob. As discussed above in the case off Adam v Lindsell an acceptance is said to be made as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted by the offeree. Thus in this case the acceptance was made by tom as soon as he posted the letter. An offer can only be revoked before it is accepted as provided in the case of Byrne v Van Tienhoven. Thus Bob is in a contractual relationship with tom and is liable to pay Tom for the hard drives. In the third case Steve has done favors for Bob in the past and in return demands a computer. Bob promises to give Steve the laptop but latter steps back on his promise. As a past consideration is not lawful Bob is not entitled to give Steve the computer. In the final case as Bob has signed the contract and Mary has already performed the part of the consideration Bob is liable to continue with the contract even if he had no intention to do so according to the principles provided in case of LEstrange V Graucob. Thus Bob has contractual relation with Mike, Tom and Mary and no contact with Steve. References Hunter, H. (2015). Modern Law of Contracts. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Poole, J. (2016).Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Adams v Lindsell(1818) 1 B Ald 681 Bressan v Squires [1974] 2 NSWLR 460 Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 Dickinson v Dodds(1876) 2 Ch D 46 LEstrange V Graucob 1934 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] 3 WLR 435.